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Vaknin Article

(Continued from Part I)

We use perturbation theory (PT) to compare amplitudes QM. We simply combine all contributions of order of quantum processes. To be effective, should lower contributions (less until they are) “superior” to climb the hierarchy. Calculating the first few diagrams yield results should be asymptotic to “reality.” This is because the point particle field theory, the number of diagrams needed to describe the higher order is increasing exponentially and amazing processing power requirements.

The in string theory. Openings and “handles” (performances) in the world to replace a letter chart. Each command has a PT diagram – the world’s mail. It will not solve mathematical complexity – Decision 2-pen letter in the world less painful than traditional diagram to solve PT. But if we want to get a complete picture of the quantum system, we must neperturbativnoy theory. PT is good only as an approximation, in certain circumstances (such as a bad connection).

B. More about the internal workings of string theory

string vibrates. In other words, they change shape – but to return to its original shape. Closed strings associated boundary conditions (such as their period of vibration). Open strings also subject to known boundary conditions Neumann and Dirichlet limit conditions. Neumann allowed free movement of the finish line – but without loss of momentum from the outside. Its Dirichlet restriction of movement for a “plan” (or collector), known as D-branes or Dp-brane (“p” indicates the number of spatial dimensions of diversity). Thus, if the space-time has 11 dimensions – of which 10 are space – should have D10 D-branes as the top. p can be negative (-1) where all spatial and temporal coordinates fixed (and “InstantOn”). When p = 0, all spatial coordinates of the target set in the same point in space (eg a share). D0-abuse that we know how to share and D1-string will be on the battlefield. D-branes are mobile and interact with closed strings (and particles). Lines (such as the graviton), more open and “attach” D2-branes ending on them (during interaction).

But these relationships are limited bosons. When we add fermions cocktails, fermions and bosons pairs us and supersymmetry. When we try to build a “super” QFT, we need to add 6 to 4 dimensions, we are familiar. This is difficult if not, we will cancel the abnormal results obtained. Regarding PT, received only five consistent string theory: I, IIA, IIB, Heteroticheskaya E8XE8, CO (32) Heteroticheskaya. Regarding the PT loosely, they seem very different. But in fact, they all aspects of string theory, and related to a “string duality” (ie different formalism describing physical examination of phenomena).

C. A bit of history

Since its inception in 1987, was a clear gauge group in the center of the Standard Model gauge group E8XE8 identical (SM). Thus, a problem E8 interacted with force and their share – and other aspects interact only through gravity E8. It did nothing to explain why supersymmetry violation – and why MS is so complicated and turbidity generation. Six of the 10 measurements in length plankovskoy Curling (unobservable) and 6-compact balls attached to each visible point fourth in our universe. It was a return to pure Kaluza-Klein mathematics. Kompaktifitsiruyuschey a size of 5 g of the universe, they were able to move both OTS and electromagnetism (like U (1) Gauge Theory of revolution around the circle).

We must kompaktifikatsii additional measurements (10 and 11, as well), string theory to reach our familiar universe. Different methods of solving this problem still leaves us plenty of supersymmetry. Some physicists believe that supersymmetry will not appear – even in our foot-4 and the world – at extremely high energies. Thus, in order to save at least 4 and supersymmetry in our universe, we use the Calabi-Yau (CY) multiple (at additional measurements kompaktifitsirovannymi e) at low energies. Some varieties CY even offers a transition from the Big Bang (10 or 11 dimensions) to the size of our universe poor one.

D. Duality

different facets of string theory. Dualism is a “translation mechanism” to tie them together. T-duality relates theories kompaktifitsirovannymi dimensions on a circle of radius R whose size kompaktifitsirovannymi theory on a circle of radius 1 / R. The other dimension curled his nesvernutyy. S-duality corresponds to the connection of different theories. One of the top (strong connection) limits is strange beyond weak coupling. M theory duality famous also on the road.

M theory is string theory, strictly speaking. This 11 solitons superhravitatsiyi membrane and (5-of abuse). Only when this begins to kompaktifitsirovannymi 10-string theory (IIA version, to be precise). This is not so contrary as it seems. If the final length dimension 11, defined segment ends 9-dimensional limits (size tenth time). Intersection of open membranes with boundaries create these lines. We can say with certainty that the five string theory on the one hand, and M-theory, on the other hand, constitute the classical limit. Perturbation theory was used to derive the corresponding quantum theories – but great effect. Neperturbativnoy study attributes (duality, supersymmetry, etc.) gave much more, and led us to believe that the underlying unified quantum theory of many forms.

E. particles

Every physical theory postulates that people actually are in reality no more than conventional IT formalism. Standard Model (SM) uses field. Physical properties of these fields (electric, magnetic, etc..) Closely resembles the physical properties of pre-relativistic ether now defunct. Instant quantify energy and particles (eg, elementary) are transmitted as waves in the industry. Various fields allocated to each particle. Market orientation. MS adds scaling (fields = without assignment), taking into account (sense) masses of particles. However, scalar fields are the same areas as their brothers neskalyarnyh. Therefore, we must assign the Higgs particles (bosons), as their lot. MS, thus maintaining the field isotropic quantum theory (QFT).

The problem is gravity, which is very low compared with high-energy (mass) Higgs, W and Z particles gluons. Their interaction with other areas beyond the coupling strengths (metering) laboratories today. Unified electroweak force strong and got only 16 power of 10 GeV. Gravity – 10 to the power of 18 (although some theories suggest that the lower limit). It’s almost Planck energy scale. There is a huge difference between the mass of the Higgs particle (200 GeV), and these energies. Nobody knows why. Supersymmetric and “Technicolor” Existence of solutions to provide additional forces and particles do not interact that Ms. “zoo” at low energies.

, but in another Member State is one of the most successful theories of physics history. This perenormyrovat stations and therefore, many re-determined physical constants. Infinity also eliminated gave QFT calculations. However, failed perenormiruyut gravitational QFT.

(continued)

About the Author Sam Vaknin

(http://samvak.tripod.com ) is the author of Malignant Self Love – Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain. – How the West Lost the East, and many books and other books on topics of psychology, relationships, philosophy, economics and international relations

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